There are over 70 known mineral interrelationships in which an additional dietary quantity of one mineral element will influence absorption or utilization of another mineral element. As the animal ages, the readiness of availability of stored mineral elements in the bone decreases. Animal do adapt to reduced dietary intake of minerals. Availability of nutrients and the effect of area specific mineral mixture supplementation along with vitamins should be provided. Macro minerals (sodium (Na), potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) are important nutrient in dairy rations that must fed at an appropriate level to optimize animal production and health. Overfeeding leads to excessive concentrations in soils which impact crop production. Dairy cattle require at least 17 minerals and 30 vitamins in their diet for optimal milk production, reproductive performance and herd health. Although classical mineral and vitamin deficiency symptoms are rare, in many cases under and over feeding of certain mineral and vitamin does occur. Even small imbalances or deficiency can develop in to reproductive, health and milk production problems. They play a very important role in the intermediary metabolism of fat, protein and carbohydrate so it is always critical to balance and fine-tune the dairy herd mineral and vitamin-feeding programme. During stressful condition when feed intake is low, B vitamin supplement may be beneficial niacin is a B vitamin which helps to regulate body fat mobilization specially in over condition, early lactation cows. In these cows when ketosis is problem niacin added at 6-12 gm/head daily may be of some benefit. The mineral contains of a feed or supplement is of little value for ration formulation unless the availability and digestibility of mineral is known. Biological availability tells how well a mineral is digested and use by the animal to promote healthy production. As the availability of mineral decreases the amount of that mineral needed to meet the cows requirement obviously will increase.
